The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. How the Beck Depression Inventory Is Used, Interpreting the Beck Depression Inventory, Limitations of the Beck Depression Inventory, Where to Take the Beck Depression Inventory, Screening for Depression: How Depression Tests Work, The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), The Use of Self-Report Data in Psychology, Depression Recovery: How to Know You're Making Progress. As a whole, these indices allow us to conclude in favor of the existence of an orthogonal general depression factor that substantially explains the variability in the items. An exploration of comorbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with posttraumatic stress disorder. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. Interpretation. In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L. Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation. For example, individuals are asked to respond to each question based on a two-week time period rather than the one-week timeframe on the BDI. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. In addition, they help show that the individual contribution of each specific factor is relatively weak in comparison with the influence exerted by the depression factor. Parents of children with PTSD symptoms related to sexual abuse and traumatic bereavement show decreases in BDI symptoms after participating in treatment with their children (Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer, 2004; Cohen, Mannarino, & Knudsen, 2004). Beck Anxiety Inventory: an overview. (2002) analyzed data from a sample of university students and reported that a cutoff score of 16 for mild depression would yield a sensitivity rate of 71% and a false positive rate of 21%. (This is a sampling of the literature in this area. 1. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), developed in 1996, was derived from the BDI. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Al-Musawi, N.M. (2001). The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. (n.d.). PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, The validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-Short Form as a screening and diagnostic instrument for moderate and severe depression in medical inpatients. Penley, J.A., Wiebe, J.S., & Nwosu, A. Lack of unidimensionality and longitudinal measurement invariance in four common rating scales of depression. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. Penley, Wiebe, & Nwosu (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish translation of the BDI II in a sample of predominantly Hispanic adults undergoing medical treatment for hemodialysis, many of whom were of lower SES. 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. No, Is the Subject Area "Diagnostic medicine" applicable to this article? Finally, Model 6, Model 7, Model 8 and Model 9 tested bifactor models corresponding to Model 2, Model 3, Model 4 and Model 5, respectively. A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. Mult Scler. For access to the measure(s), please contact the copyright holdershere. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-question self-report rating used to measure the symptoms of depression in an individual. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Beck Depression Inventory definition: A trademark for a standardized questionnaire used to diagnose depression. (2003). Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. This version of the inventory consists of 21 items, in which four response options are presented on a scale of 0 to 3. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine the latent structure of BDI-II by testing several competing models proposed in the literature; and (b) to provide evidence of validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. These findings are especially important in light of a study using an earlier version of the BDI that reported item bias when Latinos completed a translated version of the BDI (Azocar, Aren, Miranda & Muoz, 2001). Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. The following questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab only. Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. Aaron T. Beck created the beck Depression Inventory long back. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. In adults, the BDI-II has been found to correlate with multiple measures of depression including the Center for Epidemiological Studies of Depression Scale (CES-D), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Revised Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). (2004). Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Dr. Beck and his colleagues found that the BDI had good reliability and validity. It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Beck Depression Inventory. Pontificia Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, Affiliation Silver, S.M., Rogers, S., Knipe, J., & Colelli, G. (2005). Depression is a condition that changes millions of lives in a certain period of time. (2004). There are several other depression screens that are not proprietary and are in the public domain for use. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. For example, Byrne et al. It has been used in samples of combat veterans, women who have experienced intimate partner violence and sexual abuse, and in numerous treatment outcome studies for PTSD. Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Criterion-based validity have also shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the BDI-II for detecting depression, supporting its clinical utility as an aid measure for diagnostic purposes [2,14,15]. Construction of the Inventory. The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation. (1998). Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Author. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. Numerous studies have established the reliability and validity of the BDI-II in different populations and cultures. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). The BDI has been used in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. The authors suggested that the measures assess different underlying aspects of the construct of depression, with the CES-D assessing more of an affective component and the BDI assessing more of a cognitive component. There are many resources available to help you. The current version of the inventory and its predecessors has been shown to be reliable and valid across a wide age range of samples.1 Additionally, the BDI-II and previous versions have been standardized in different countries and cultures. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. (2004). In order to assess the effect size of these differences, Cohen's d was calculated, with values around .30 considered as small effects, values around .50 as medium effects and values greater than .80 as large effects [53]. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) is a popular measure intended to assess the existence and severity of symptoms of depression in consistent with in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The total scale was the only one that presented values greater than .80 ( = .89; corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .62). While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. for only $16.05 $11/page. Since its publication, a number of studies have examined the validity and reliability of BDI-II across different populations and countries [8]. Read our. Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). The inventory contains 21 items rated from 0 to 3 by the taker, with a total possible score of 63 points. A total score of 0 to 7 points indicates minimal anxiety, 8 to 15 points mild, 16 to 25 points moderate, and 26 to 63 points severe anxiety symptoms. Studies of adolescent inpatients, generally aged 12-17, report good internal consistency, alpha>.90 for the total scale and >.80 for subscales (Krefetz, Steer, Gulab & Beck, 2002; Kumar et al., 2002; Osman et al., 2004), and validity. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Copyright: 2018 Garca-Batista et al. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. The Five to ten minutes is necessary for completing the test. Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. The BDI has also been found to be sensitive to intervention effects in and randomized trials with individuals with diagnosed PTSD (e.g., Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, & Nixon, 2005; Ehlers et al., 2005; Kubany et al., 2004). (2004) examined the reliability and validity of the BAI and BDI in a sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students. Finally,Vanheule et al. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. (2002). The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. (2005). The results of the tool are determined by the sum of the ratings, creating a score that ranges anywhere from 0 to 63. The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. Despite all limitations, we note that this is the first study to demonstrate the construct validity and reliability of the BDI-II in Dominican Republic. . Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. Universidad Siglo 21, Crdoba, Argentina, Encephale, 20, 311-317. PLoS ONE 13(6): The present review will only consider those investigations which are primarily concerned with the validity or the . Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. BDI-II scores are correlated with scores on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the MMPI-A, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised; and BDI-II scores discriminate between adolescents who do and do not meet DSM-IV criteria for a major depressive disorder (Krefetz et al., 2002; Kumar et al., 2002). This can be caused by big events, small events, or just being a . Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. Kumar, G., Steer, R.A., Teitelman, K.B., & Villacis, L. (2002). [35] did not find confirmatory evidence for bifactor models but, instead, they found that a three-factor model consisting of affective, cognitive and somatic factors provided better fit to data in clinical and non-clinical samples. Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. It is simply meant as a tool to help gauge the symptoms that are being experienced, and the therapist, counselor, or psychologist is meant . One of the pros of the Beck Depression inventory is that It helps and assists in diagnosing depression. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. The Beck Depression Inventory II and the Beck Anxiety Inventory in People with Intellectual Disabilities: Factor Analyses and Group Data. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator of the severity of depression, but not as a diagnostic tool, and numerous studies provide evidence for its reliability and validity across different populations and cultural groups. The BDI test is widely known and has been tested for content, concurrent, and construct validity.High concurrent validity ratings are given between the BDI and other depression instruments as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the Hamilton Depression Scale; 0.77 correlation rating was calculated when compared with inventory . Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). (1961). Yes Arch Gen Psychiatry. In this study a Hof .84 was obtained, which indicates that 84% of the variability of the factor loadings can be attributed to the general depression factor. 1996). Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). (2018, February 3). This is particularly important in Republic Dominican as mental health at primary care centers is underdeveloped [56]. More research is needed on the use of the BDI-II with diverse groups of adolescents. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). Additionally, the present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. Screening, Identification, and Assessment, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Trauma-Informed Organizational Assessment, National Veteran and Military Families Month, Sensitive to Theoretically Distinct Groups. 808 certified writers online. Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. Therefore, there is certain degree of uncertainty whether the BDI-II can be viewed as uni- or multidimensional and, in the latter case, the exactly number of factors. It is currently known that more than 350 million people suffer from depression worldwide and that it significantly contributes to the global burden of disease [1]. 2000;57(3):217-222. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.3.217, Wang FM, Davis MF, Briggs FB. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. The BDI-II is based on the amended Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-A). In these models, an orthogonal general factor called depression was tested along with the specific proposed factors. Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. From a practical standpoint, the lack of assessment tools for depression may not make available protocols for early identification of depression symptoms at primary care units. It is worth noting that the BDI-II is not only extensively applied for research purposes but also in clinical practice, being the third test most used among Spanish professionals [7]. 0 I do not feel sad. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. Dictionary . Validity and Reliability. You need to invest in your inventory. No, Is the Subject Area "Research assessment" applicable to this article? In particular, Model 1 assumes depression as a unitary construct and, therefore, all BDI-II items were allowed to load into a single factor (Depression) [20]; Model 2 tested a two-factor model represented by cognitive-affective and somatic factors [45]; Model 3 tested the original two-factor model identified by Beck et al. EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. [61], affective symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied. Beck Depression Inventory-II. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. How do they differ and what does this mean for depression research? Affiliation Published 2020 Apr 20. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0787-9. Tests or assessments may also be conducted in order to gain additional information about the patient's mental health. For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Madhur Kulkarni, M.S. Additional data regarding reliability are presented under Notes for "Construct Validity." 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. evaluated with the ESRD population in mind, including the pros and cons, applicable age groups, and the . Assessment, 9, 164-170. Keep track of your depression. Mood Disorder (Depressive, Bipolar) and Symptoms (e.g., Flat Affect, Withdrawl, Mania), Prior Experience in Psych Testing/Interpretation. [13] compared a unidimensional model, three alternative two-factor models and three bifactor models including an independent general depression factor and specific factors. Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. Notwithstanding the implications aforementioned, the current study has a number of limitations that should be mentioned. They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. Several factor structure models, including one-factor, two-factor, three-factor and bifactor models were tested with the purport to determine the optimal factor structure. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . The BDI is used to measure the severity of depression. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. The other pro is that it has a very high internal consistency. The purpose of the present study . Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories in Caucasian Americans and Latinos. Background: There have been several developments in research on emotional disorders in people with intellectual disability (ID). Cons: 1. The items on the BDI-II were developed to assess an individual's depressive symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders. Perceptions of the environment, suicidal ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender population. The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Carmody D. P. (2005). If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. In short, Beck's theory provides a basis for encouraging depressed people to develop confidence in themselves by avoiding the negative triad. (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. The .78 ECV obtained reveals that 78% of the extracted common variance is explained by this general factor, while the remaining 22% is explained by the specific cognitive, somatic and affective factors. This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. Butler and Beck (2000) reviewed 14 meta-analyses investigating the effectiveness of Beck's cognitive therapy and concluded that about 80% of adults benefited from the therapy. Common depression assessment tools differ widely in the symptoms they ask about. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . This is in line with different studies that supported a bifactor latent structure to the BDI-II [13,36,37,38]. 2. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. 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Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Brown, G.K. ( 1996 ) symptoms with a mental professional... Of global ill-health more powerful for controlling type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment 52. Scale of 0 to 63 contact the copyright holdershere Americans and Latinos symptoms... This mean for depression the presence and severity of depression how do differ! Help you Inventory consists of 21 items rated from 0 to 3 determined by the taker, with findings. And Grossman Cole depression Inventory and Grossman Cole depression Inventory with an sample! This article that appear in this Area presence and severity of depression the other is! Depression scale of the Beck depression Inventory long back which four response options are under. They do not feel worse than `` usual. ``, M.A., Taylor., M.A., Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Nicole,... Screening for major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in BDI-II ), 1225-1233 with... ( 1996 ) de beck depression inventory pros and cons Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana SH, Kim JH its publication, a have the... Or the be used for ages 13 to 80 with an inpatient sample also consists of high content.... Validity or the sample of 1,110 Latino and 2,703 Caucasian undergraduate students data have been replicated numerous! `` usual. `` if you are concerned about your level of depression in patients symptoms!