Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 . As a result of work performed, we have highlighted, described and assessed the following natural hazards: earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, river and ravine erosion, suffusion, karst and subsidence. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. Losses from landslides in the United States were estimated in 1980 to exceed $1 billion per year. What are the harmful effect of landslide? Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. A faint rumbling sound that increases in volume is noticeable as the landslide nears. The avalanche travelled a distance of 16.5 kilometers. The consequences were disastrous with the forming of an inland tidal wave, the force of the fall was so terrible that the atomic bomb type of powerful gust of air crushed the city of Longarone with only 30 children managing to survive. On the Tajik side, the highest extent of natural hazard is observed in Dogiston, Yel and Shurobod (mountains) Jamoats and across a number of Jamoats of Hamadoni and Farkhor districts, at Pyandj and Kyzylsu River floodplain (plains), while on the Afghan side, at south-eastern part of Chahi-Ab administrative district (Takhor province, mountains), Pyandj River floodplain, lower reaches of Djilgai-Jangikala and Kunduz Rivers and Kochka River mouth (plains of Kunduz and Takhar provinces). Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life Engineering Geology DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.007, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". What are the natural causes of landslides? Where studies of cost of landslide damages have been conducted, it is apparent that {1} costs to the public and private sectors of our economy due to landslide damage are much larger than anticipated; {2} taxpayers and public officials generally are unaware of the magnitude of the cost, owing perhaps to the lack of any centralization of data; and {3} incomplete records and unavailability of records result in lower reported costs than actually were incurred. Part of the Former Soviet Union, at that time, the Khait landslides occurred in July 1949, in Tajikistan, above the city of Khait in the Yarhich Valley. Sindulan and, Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu. The Regional Director . It is said that the circus clown led them to a tent on the higher ground thus saving their lives. [2] At the same time the Tajik Basin is being shortened in response to oblique collision with the Pamirs, forming a series of north-south to SW-NE trending thrust faults, the earthquake is thought to have been caused by movement on the Vakhsh thrust, one of these faults. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Unusually for a science paper the article is a ripping-good read. Landslides are more frequent and more likely to occur on higher ground. Annual Cost of Landslide Damage to Roads on Dominica* Fiscal Year (June/July) Landslide Costs (in thousands of dollars) 1983-1984 92.8 1984-1985 269.0 1985-1986 71.7 1986-1987 63.0 * Includes only the cost of clearing landslide debris and road repairs (G. Elwin, Wirttern Comm., 1987) References: Anderson, M.G. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? The main shock had a magnitude of 7.4 calculated as the 'unified magnitude' using the 'Soviet Method'. Where certain geologic Main scarp : A steep surface on the conditions exist . The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources. The exact number of lives lost to the landslides or the earthquake is not very clear but the horrific event that happened during the Chinese Civil War took at least 200,000 lives which makes it one of the worst disasters by death toll in China. The rockslide was initiated by failure of part of the western flank of Chokrak Mountain. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. [2], The volume of the initial rockfall has been estimated as 54 million cubic metres (MCM), expanding to about 65 MCM as it broke up. Your email address will not be published. This is mainly due to the fact that the Australian landscape has an elevation that is relatively low, making it the lowest continent. For the Yasman Valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths. What stopped the Japanese from invading Australia? To request access reinstatement, contact us at helpdesk@bioone.org. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Today the old town is non-existent, replaced by a huge Diexi landslide-made lake. In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait Received 6 September 2008 earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the The improper development at the hillsides in these regions and also the lack of construction laws led to the cramped, possibly overpopulated settling in the risky hilly regions. English: View of the Khait landslide triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, the scar on Chokhran mountain shows the origin of the slide, which overwhelmed the village of Khait. An official website of the United States government. The average cost for earthquake insurance is between $100 and $300 per year. New Cumberland, PA 17070 The true scale of the tragedy was not published until after the collapse of the . The term landslide actually has two meanings. However, some rather speculative reports have suggested that the impacts were very large for example this article in Mountain Research and Development reported a huge landslide at a site that it termed Borgulchak Rock. The town of Khait (modern spelling Hoit (Tajik: )) and the village of Khisorak were almost completely destroyed by the Khait landslide. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Privacy Policy, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. Accueil | ENGINEERING ARTICLES | Civil Engineering Articles | GEOTECHNICAL | Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. This blog A dormant volcano, the Nevado del Ruiz in Tolima, Colombia, suddenly came to life on November 13, 1985, wreaking havoc on the nearby villages and towns, and killing as many as 23,000 people. The Yungay Landslide in Yungay, a rural community in Peru happened on May 31, 1970, due to three different natural disasters. This will be the topic of an upcoming post.ReferenceEvans, S., Roberts, N., Ischuk, A., Delaney, K., Morozova, G., & Tutubalina, O. The 2005 NiasSimeulue earthquake occurred on 28 March off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Javascript must be enabled to use all features of this site and to avoid misfunctions, The first FREE portal which is able to compare COVID-19 Virus stats, bombs, buildings, helicopters, airplanes, cities, countries, continents and planets in an userfriendly interface. What do they mean. DOI: 10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2009.08.007 Corpus ID: 128681252; Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life @article{Evans2009LandslidesTB, title={Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life}, author={Stephen G. Evans and Nicholas J. Roberts and A. Ischuk and Keith B. Delaney and Galina S. Morozova and Olga V . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 36, No. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Throughout their work, the authors sought advice of managers and public service employees, research institutes, national non-governmental organizations on both sides, as well as delegations of international organizations acting under UN aegis. Steve and his colleagues have also just published a similar paper (Evans et al. . Another dam in the nearby Lake Jircacocha was also broken by the flowing glacial water, resulting in the furious waters of both of the two lakes emptying themselves onto the city of Huaraz, claiming more than 5,000 lives in the process. A house damaged in the 2004 San Simeon earthquake. The gravitational pull that facilitates a collective movement of soil, rock, and debris down a steep slope is called a landslide. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit . There was one more such subsequent eruption at Mount Kelud in 1966, that took more than 200 lives. The northern wall of Mount Huascarn was destabilized, causing a rock, ice and snow avalanche and burying the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca. Neighboring villages also suffered the consequences due to the debris that came down with the landslide. Geologists, scientists who study the physical formations of the Earth, sometimes describe landslides as one type of mass wasting.A mass wasting is any downward movement in which the Earth's surface is worn away. A pyroclastic flow from the crater of the volcano had melted the glaciers in the mountain and sent deadly lahars, saturated with mud, ice, snow, and volcanic debris, rushing down the mountain at killer speeds towards the residential areas directly below it. It does not store any personal data. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. In conclusion, this is a very important contribution, filling in another gap in our understanding of previous landslide impacts. Undertaking of survey has allowed mapping of surfaces of natural hazards evolution and doing a holistic assessment on a full spectrum of hazardous natural processes in the target district area of which roughly 2267 km2 (21%) belong to extremely hazardous category, 7432 km2 (69%) to highly hazardous and 1000 km2 (9,3%) to moderately hazardous. Climate and climate change. Almost half of the U.S. states are at risk for earthquake damage. What hazards may happen in the event of earthquake landslide and volcanic eruption? As per estimates, approximately 10% of the population of Vargas perished in the disaster. Article history: Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in Central Asia. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. On March 11, 1996, OES forwarded the city's appeal to Region IX with the request that the DSR be revised to include landslide repair costs that are eligible under 44 CFR 206.225. It is interesting to note that landslides, mudslides, and avalanches as natural disasters are very similar in the damage they can bring about. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 883, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, Longrunout rockslide on glacier at Tsar Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains: potential triggers, seismic and glaciological implications, Conduct Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in the Tajik and Afghan target territories Create hazard maps following the assessment. They develop during intense rainfall, runoff, or rapid snowmelt, changing the earth into a flowing river of mud or slurry .. Direct costs include damage to structures and roads, whereas indirect costs include items such as decreased property values, lost productivity, and the expense of driving longer distances when roads are blocked. you are here 215 Limekiln Road A key realisation of this work for me has been that earthquake-triggered slides cause a very substantial proportional (probably in fact the majority) of fatalities is mass movement events. Khait landslide happened in 1949. [2] . These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. According to them, thoughtless human intervention in the Himalayan mountain ecosystem had rendered the ecosystem extremely fragile and prone to disaster. Earthquake destruction begins with the earth's violent shaking that can rupture the earth, trigger landslides and turn the surface of the earth to liquid. The river is known to have begun cutting the valley through the glacial sediments roughly 12,000 years ago, suggesting an average recurrence rate of about 500 years based on the 25 landslides. The disaster struck the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. The landslides completely buried the towns of Carmen de Uria and Cerro Grande, many homes were washed into the ocean. Huge boulders in the landscape can be signs of past debris flows. A major landslide in 2011 cost between $13 and $15 million in repairs from damage to Utah State Highway 14 (estimated by the Utah Department of Transportation). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. About 33 villages were buried under the debris all caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. Our special thanks go to: Bakhtdavlatov Rahmonbek Davlatbekovich the first deputy chief of General Directorate for Geology under the Government of Tajikistan, Alisho Shomahmadov, Head of Inf. The landslide has a volume of about 20 cubic kilometers, a depth of 300 m, a travel distance of 14 km and a width of 5 km. The dam then overtopped, causing a flood and 2,500 deaths. There were many more casualties in other towns such as Chinchin. The earthquake resulted in the disintegration of the glacier on the slope of Mount Huascarn, right above the Yungay village which had a total population of about 25,000. Numerous kishlaks in the Yasman River valley were overwhelmed by the loess flowslide that swept down the whole length of the valley. In May of 1970, an earthquake triggered a massive series of landslides and avalanches of rock and snow that buried the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca. This landslide was one of the most destructive landslides in history. Climate and climate change controls precipitation and snowmelt (frequency, intensity and magnitude, seasonality, cyclonality and the respective changes), and are the most important external drivers for landslides and flooding. Mount Huascarn is a famous Peruvian mountain with a snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet. It is important to understand how the reluctance of visitors to travel to and within 'landslide areas' is affected after an event that has received publicity and/or caused casualties and how a period of . In December of 1941, the residents of Huaraz, a Peruvian city in the Ancash region, were completely unaware that a retreating glacier tongue above their city would soon be responsible for wreaking havoc its people and claim thousands of the lives living within. Most homeowners insurance policies do not cover damage from expansive soils. Mount Huascarn is a famous Peruvian mountain with a snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet. Some reports, such as the Wikipedia article on this landslide, have suggested a death toll as high as 28,000 people, although to be fair this may well be something of a misinterpretation of the original source. Before they can be expected to take action, local governments need to have an appreciation of costs of damage in their areas of responsibility and of the reductions in losses that can be achieved. On March 28, the Servicio Nacional de Gestin de Riesgos reported 4 fatalities, 4 injured people, around 15 damaged houses and damaged roads due to a landslide in Cuenca City . Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. This is commonly caused by automated downloading of content or other types of excessive use that may effect our site performance. The lahars moved down the mountains with high velocity and swept away and drowned all that were unfortunate enough to be in its path. A series of huge landslides along the Min river blocked the river and formed three massive landslide lakes. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. The areas worst affected were Manila . This slide had multiple source areas on the southern side of the valley: They conclude that this is a rather destructive loess flow slide with a volume of about 245 million cubic metres. Fire in 1906 San Francisco and 1923 Great Kanto caused significant losses, but since then, important losses have also occurred in many earthquakes. The unchecked tourism in the region had promoted the rapid growth of hotels, roads, and shops throughout the region without paying heed to the environmental laws and demands of the ecosystem. Rostislav Khait was born on September 21, 1971, in Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, USSR [now Ukraine]. The paper presents a synthesis of the key findings of the conference and workshop convened to consider the causes of and lessons to be learned from the disastrous rockslide-debris avalanche on 17 February 2006 in southern Leyte, Philippines. Photo credit: FEMA News. It is difficult to estimate the monetary costs of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect costs. The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake occurred at 0945 local time (0353 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of Tajikistan. The Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides have been the worst landslide ever recorded in history. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. Date: 1949: Source: USGS Earthquake information bulletin 20 : Author: R.L. The result is wearing off of the earths surface. Landslides can be caused by natural or human events. First, they look at the Khait landslide (termed in the paper as a rockslide / loess flow), which is still clearly visible in the landscape, even on the low resolution Google Earth imagery available for this area: For the Khait landslide they conclude that the volume was probably rather lower than earlier estimates have suggested. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. The death toll from a mudslide that hit the north-western US state of Washington has risen to 29 people, with 20 others still missing. One significant but until now slightly elusive such event has been the 1949 Khait earthquake. However, landslide costs across the country are not currently tracked or measured in a uniform way by any one agency, so this figure is likely to be an underestimate. It ended up carrying 50-100 million cubic meters of water, mud, and rocks, which reached the village of Yungay and smothered all life forms therein under its deadly cover. The massive Diexi earthquake in Diexi Mao County, Szechwan, China on August 25, 1933, triggered the Diexi landslides. The rainstorm brought about landslides and floods destroying nearby towns and villages while also making it challenging for the authorities and rescue teams. 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths) 7. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. . Kneale, 1985. . Besides, the authors also express their sincere appreciation to staff members of UNDP Tajikistan, who have provided logistical support during project implementation phase. This gives a total fatality count of about 7,200 far lower than previous counts, but still substantial of course. The mudslide in Peru in 1983 caused . The rock mass began to travel to the northwest as a rockslide into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley. The second, less common outside of geology, refers to areas that have a history of landslides. Kelud Lahars, East Java, Indonesia, May 1919 (5,000+ deaths), 5. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). In January of 1962, a thaw triggered the breaking off of a portion of the north summit of the mountain, leading to a landslide/avalanche that led to the tragic death of nearly 4,500 people. Ground Shaking & Structural Failure Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. 4 What happens to the Earth during a landslide? The flow broadened as it reached the main Obi-Kabud River valley, sweeping through part of Khait, crossing the river, before climbing a 25 m high terrace on the river's western bank and continuing a further 700 m, overwhelming the village of Khisorak. AGI's Critical Issues Program is generously underwritten in memory of Charles L. Weiner. Chau K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F. 1 What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? These primary hazards often produce secondary hazards such as ruptured utility lines, hazardous spills, and fires. What happens to the Earth during a landslide? The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. (2003) Rockfall hazard analysis for Hong Kong based on rockfall inventory Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. Part of the Former Soviet Union, at that time, the Khait landslides occurred in July 1949, in Tajikistan, above the city of Khait in the Yarhich Valley. The timing and location of this event, soon after the war in an area about which the Soviet Union was very secretive, has meant that it has been very difficult to determine any details about the landslides that were triggered in the earthquake. The landslide dam located downstream came apart after the earthquake, precisely 45 days later, on October 9. These include ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, and in some areas, tsunamis. Armero Tragedy. khait landslide involved rockslides with saturated loess travelling at an estimated average . Although there are a massive number of recorded landslides throughout the years, listed below are a few of the deadliest landslides that claimed many lives. 2 Comments/Trackbacks , Your email address will not be published. About 40 million cubic meters of water exploded from the crater lake with lots of volcanic material, ash, and sediment to form dangerous lahars. Causes of landslides include earthquakes, deforestation, and erosion. Some single landslide events have killed numbers in excess of the populations of small countries. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949_Khait_earthquake&oldid=1119783370, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 11:24. What main factors cause landslides and floods? The whole town consisting of about 9,000 to 9,300 people was destroyed, and Diexi was completely submerged in water. A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. In late 2004 and early 2005, an intense series of rainstorms impacted southern California, causing flooding and innumerable landslides throughout the region. The air bomb and the tidal wave took as many as 2,500 lives, wiping out the citys population plus also forcing the destruction of many more nearby towns and villages although the dam was pretty intact retaining two-thirds of the water after this misfortune. A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarn, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970 Engineering Geology, 108 (1-2), 96-118 DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.06.020, Posted in: These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The geology, historical seismicity, progressive disintegration of the rock mass, development of smectite layers and the continuous development and movement of shears within the Philippine Fault Zone combine in the steep rugged terrain to produce massive landslides, of which the 15 million m3 Guinsaugon event was the latest. Remarkably it travelled over a slope with an angle of just two degrees! Nearly 22,000 people perished in this natural disaster. The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake (Russian: 1949 ; Tajik: 1949) occurred at 09:45 local time (03:53 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of the Tajik SSR of the Soviet Union (within the modern boundary of Tajikistan). Date and Time of Occurrence: September 20, 2018 around 0600H Impact Area Including Barangays Affected: Portions of Sitio Tagaytay (crown area) and Sitio Sindulan (toe area) in Barangay Tinaan, Naga City, Cebu.Northeastern portion of the quarry area of Apo Land & Quarry . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The following project staff has been involved in project activities: Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Ms. Olga Krutkina (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Mirzo Saidov, Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (field work, map development and report-writing), National Project Consultant, Mr. Akmal Akhmedov (field work, map development and report-writing), Phd of Geographic Sciences, Mr. Kirill Pshenichny (map development), Phd of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Mr. Vladislav Minaev (map development), Mr. Alexander Dudnik (map marking) and Mr. Bunyod Sabzaliev (project logistics and general coordination). 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